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Thread: Zoonotic diseases in squirrels

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    Default Zoonotic diseases in squirrels

    Bubonic Plague in squirrels: A wildlife disease found in the Western States


    What is the disease known as Bubonic Plague?

    "Bubonic" Plague is a disease caused by a bacterium, Yersinia pestis, that can be transmitted to humans via rodents and their fleas.”
    This virus came originally from Asia, having spread to Europe, and then to the Americas via the rat. This is the same disease that was responsible for “Black Death” in Europe in Medieval times. Now days the incidence of humans contracting this disease is low; not since the 20’s has there been a major outbreak in California.

    https://www.cdc.gov/plague/faq/index.html

    Where have the outbreaks of this disease taken place in recent history?

    Assumed to be eradicated from the Eastern US.with no reported outbreaks of the disease in animals or humans in recent history, Bubonic Plague is presently limited to the Western US, primarily found in the Rocky mountain region to the Pacific coast.

    (see map for full range of this disease)

    https://www.cdc.gov/plague/maps/index.html

    “Plague is widespread in much of California, including in the Sierra Nevada mountains and foothills.”

    “In 2014, evidence of plague was detected in animals in El Dorado, Mariposa, Modoc, Plumas, San Diego, Santa Barbara and Sierra counties. Animal infected with the disease usually are found in the foothills, mountains and sometimes along the coast of California.”

    “The squirrels (ground squirrels) were found at Cedar Grove Campground and Doane Valley Campground.”
    What animals have been affected by this disease?

    In NM, AZ, CO: rock squirrels, voles, rabbits, coyotes, are among the animals found to be infected with this disease. Interestingly, it is noted that birds were found to be the chief vector species of the region. Not all mammals that carry this disease die from contracting it. Squirrels imparticular are among the amimals for which this disease save it is treated is lethal.

    http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/arti...-hospital.html

    In California:

    The California Ground squirrel, akaSpermophilus beechyi), is the key vector species for Bubonic Plague in the mountain and foothill regions of the Pacific coastal States. Western Gray squirrels and Eastern Fox squirrels have also been found to be casualties of this disease, just not in the numbers that the vector ground squirels have been.

    http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-23460709
    http://www.friendsofpalomarsp.org/camping.html
    http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/l...814-story.html
    https://www.nps.gov/yose/planyourvisit/plague.htm

    The disease combated in California by means of spraying the openings of the burrows of the ground squirrels to beat back the spread of this Endoparasitic disease.

    How is this disease tranmitted?

    http://www.publichealth.lacounty.gov...ent/plague.pdf

    https://www.cdc.gov/plague/transmission/index.html

    1. Bites of fleas from infected rodents

    1. Hungry fleas will leave a sick or dead rodent to find another host and can bite people.

    2. Direct contact with sick animals

    The bacteria in the blood or other body fluids of an infected animal can enter through cuts and abrasions on the hands, or through the mucous membranes.

    3. Pet involvement

    •Infected rodent fleas can be brought into the home or campsite by a dog or cat.

    •Plague pneumonia can be caught from a sick cat that is coughing or sneezing.
    (In other words a bite from the infected animal can transmit this virus to other animals and in humans.)
    "Plague in humans is very rare, with only about ten cases per year in the United States."

    “In California, there have been 42 human cases of plague since 1970. Nine were fatal.”

    “In a typical year, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports about ten cases of plague in humans per year in the western

    United States. However, during 2015, 16 human plague cases were reported.
    What are the symptoms of this disease?

    “Symptoms of the plague include high fever, chills, nausea, weakness and swollen lymph nodes in the neck, armpit or groin. “
    There are three forms of plague:

    •Bubonic plague:

    Patients develop sudden onset of fever, headache, chills, and weakness and one or more swollen, tender and painful lymph nodes (called buboes). This form is usually the result of an infected flea bite. The bacteria multiply in the lymph node closest to where the bacteria entered the human body. If the patient is not treated with appropriate antibiotics, the bacteria can spread to other parts of the body. (see Black Plague)

    •Septicemic plague:

    Patients develop fever, chills, extreme weakness, abdominal pain, shock, and possibly bleeding into the skin and other organs. Skin and other tissues may turn black and die, especially on fingers, toes, and the nose. Septicemic plague can occur as the first symptoms of plague, or may develop from untreated bubonic plague. This form results from bites of infected fleas or from handling an infected animal.

    •Pneumonic plague:

    Patients develop fever, headache, weakness, and a rapidly developing pneumonia with shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, and sometimes bloody or watery mucous. Pneumonic plague may develop from inhaling infectious droplets or from untreated bubonic or septicemic plague that spreads to the lungs. The pneumonia may cause respiratory failure and shock. Pneumonic plague is the most serious form of the disease and is the only form of plague that can be spread from person to person (by infectious droplets).
    B]What should I do if you experience these symptoms?[/B]

    If you live or have recently traveled to the western U.S. or any other plague endemic area and have symptoms suggestive of plague, seek health care immediately.
    https://www.cdc.gov/plague/transmission/index.html

    https://www.cdc.gov/plague/diagnosis/index.html

    AVMA website: https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/FA...ague-FAQs.aspx

    Q: How is plague treated?

    A: Plague can be treated with specific antibiotics from the aminoglycoside, fluoroquinolone and tetracycline families. If plague is suspected, appropriate treatment should be initiated immediately. Recommended dosage regimens are available that take into account the species affected, dosage can be adjusted based on age, medical history and underlying health conditions.
    What precautions can I take to avoid contracting this infectious disease?

    https://www.cbsnews.com/news/plague-...tional-forest/

    (The photo of the squirrel under the title page of this article is not that of the vector species, the California Ground Squirrel.)

    Other References:

    https://www.pestworld.org/news-hub/p...ed-by-rodents/
    https://www.nps.gov/yose/planyourvisit/plague.htm
    http://articles.latimes.com/2013/may...lague-20130523

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    Default Re: Zoonotic diseases in squirrels

    Just to assure readers, the Eastern Gray squirrel, which is indigenous to the Eastern US is not the vector species or this disease. The article showing the picture was in error from not bothering to check if they got the right photo. The article otherwise appears to be a very good source of information on this disease. Be forewarned that the link included on this page is to an article on a survivor of this disease, that include graphic photos of the disease's affects.

    There are a number of mammals that are known to carry Bubonic Plague. Along the Pacific Coastal States Spermophilus Beechyi is the vector species for this disease. In battling the disease in the wild, it is the fleas that transmit this disease that are the target of elimination, not the ground squirrels. Spraying Malathion around the den openings to kill the fleas is the strategy used to knock down the prevalance of this disease that is most common in this species populations, but also found in other ground mammals, with tree squirrels as the less common victims of the disease, as they do not live in ground burrows where fleas breed and feeding on the blood of their ground mammal hosts.

    https://naturalhistory.si.edu/mna/im...species_id=355

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    Default Re: Zoonotic diseases in squirrels

    One of the most affected of the squirrel family is the Black Tailed Prairie Dog (Cynomys Ludovicianus).

    A good friend of mine Lynda Watson rescues them from development and re-locates them to areas where they are wanted. Luckily the plague is limited to certain areas for now and not where she is working.



    My Patchi was originally removed from a colony as a baby and sold in the pet trade. A nice woman who could not keep him any longer surrendered him to me and he is now the most beloved member of the family.

    PATCHI

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    Default Re: Zoonotic diseases in squirrels

    BRAVO, BRAVO!!


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    Default Re: Zoonotic diseases in squirrels


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    Default Re: Zoonotic diseases in squirrels

    Here is a research study file on (Yersinia pestis) infectations in Black-Tailed Prairie Dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies.
    Attached Images Attached Images

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    Default Re: Zoonotic diseases in squirrels

    Here is a case where a man was infected by his cat in Oregon with Bubonic plague, a disease spread by fleas that is limited now to the western US. The next day after the cat that had bitten the man and fled it returned, it was clearly suffering, and put down. The very next day, just two days after being bitten, the man began to experience the symptoms of this disease; here is his story.

    (WARNING!! Graphic photos of this disease are included with this article.)

    http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/arti...aths-door.html

    This disease can be acquired through the bite of an infected animal, be that a wild or domestic dog or cat. If the pnemonia form develops as it did in this man's case, it can be spread by a cough to other humans.

    Should you be bitten by a sick cat or dog that has access to the wild, seek immediate medical advise. If you are bitten by a wild animal, especially a California ground squirrel, or been or live near or in foothills and mountainous regions of the west, get to your doctor quick so that they can get you meds to stop a possible bacterial infection of this disease. For the onset of this disease is usualyl just a few days, after which symptoms develop very quickly! In doingg so you may be able to avoid disfigurment, and death. And though some people have been found to survive this disease without medication, not necessarily avoid disfigurement, that is not reason to delay seeking prompt medical care!

    If you live or have recently traveled to the western U.S. or any other plague endemic area and have symptoms suggestive of plague, seek health care immediately.

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    Default Re: Zoonotic diseases in squirrels

    https://www.thesleuthjournal.com/the...ited-states-2/

    This disease is in the soil; fleas carry it from host to host by biting them passing it into their blood.

    On this page is a photo of the rash on belly of deceased California Ground Squirrel.

    Ground squirrel is a key vector species for this disease, as it lives in colonies in burrows in the ground.

    There are no present reports of an outbreak in Calif. that have been found in the past in mountainous regions.

    https://www.cdc.gov/plague/transmission/index.html

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    Default Re: Zoonotic diseases in squirrels

    Just in case you missed this graphic tutorial from the CDC on the previous page, it is worth reviewing,

    as further explains and illustrates how this virus has commonly been found to be contracted by humans and their pets.

    This is important,f or if you presntly aren't aware of the ways this virus can be contracted under these conditions and specific circumstances,

    you may mistakenly assume you have the flu instead of having contracted this virus that requires immediate treatment upon the onset of

    symptoms in support of a more favorable outcome.

    https://www.cdc.gov/plague/resources...eEcologyUS.pdf

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    Default Re: Zoonotic diseases in squirrels

    That hand! Thanks for the info DF. I understand it can be transmitted via flea bite but as far as touching infected animals, how does it enter our bodies, via microcuts in our skin? Thanks.

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    Default Re: Zoonotic diseases in squirrels

    The fleas siphon the blood of their hosts through their (proboscis) mouth part; that's when it exchanges body fluids with its host.

    Yet being bitten by a flea doesn't mean you have been infected by this virus, as the flea has to be carrying the virus for that to
    happen,

    and not all do by far. Typically this has been found in or near wild areas where there are ground squirrels.

    The CDC describes the symptoms as flu like, typified by a high fever;

    and states that medical intervention should be sought immediately upon their onset.

    The disease actually comes from the soil, the squirrels are just victims, and the fleas the delivery avenue.

    Squirrels are not targeted, only the fleas when breakouts occur. The entrance to their burrows are sprayed to knock down the breakout.

    Early Summer after the winter rains is when this disease tends to crop up.

    It notably has been occuring more frequently during this decade.

    Read more:

    http://www.newsweek.com/bubonic-plag...a-fleas-650642

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    Default Re: Zoonotic diseases in squirrels

    This is why this disease was was called the "Black Death" back in the Medievil times. Now with prompt treatment with specific anti-biotics many survive, just not all their fingers etc., as was the case of this poor man who lost his fingers on both hands. This is the reason why those at risk of infection from having handled one of the ground squirrels in mountain areas here in California where this disease has had outbreaks in the past, needs to immediately seek medical attention upon the onset of the flu like symptoms (CDC protocol), to ensure that is isn't from this disease.

    http://www.publichealth.lacounty.gov...ent/plague.pdf

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    Default Re: Zoonotic diseases in squirrels

    http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/l...819-story.html

    As this article relates, this disease is ever present in the soil in wild areas in the Mid-west, and Western States, and Alaska; please take a few minutes to familiarize yourself with the chain of infection of this disease, as this info could help save your life.

    When it comes to being infected with this virus, the key is proximity to both the location of an outbreak, and to the animals that most commonly have been found to be carriers of the infected fleas; for when an infected animal succumbs to the disease the fleas will jump onto the next warm blooded host that comes close enough to them.

    Be aware that possible infected animals don't just include wildlife, as dogs and cats can become infected and in turn infect humans. Cats, that commonly develop pneumonia form of the disease, can pass it in aerosol droplets from their cough, or by direct contact with their saliva to humans and other animals. A man in Oregon contracted this disease when he was removing a mouse from his cat's mouth, which resulted in his cat biting him. When the cat rat off he didn't think much of it, yet when it returned the next day it was clear it was very ill. The following day the man presented with a high fever, and then developed the characteristic blackening of his fingers and toes; though he survived he lost his hands, and some toes also.

    When visiting wild areas in the West it is best to wear DEET or other insect repellant in the West. Check out whether there is a breakout of this disease in the area you are planning on visiting. If you find a wild animal that is ill, or has expired do not approach or handle the animal; instead inform the Park service, or local wildlife warden as to your finding. Networking can help save the lives of both people and other animals in the area. if you have rescued a ground squirrel in a wild area there is a risk that you could be exposed to this disease from infected fleas. Have a veterinarian, that is familiar with exotics (domestic wildlife), test for this disease, and any other zoonotic diseases these animals may carry. If you are bitten by a flea(s) during handling, it would be advisable to take a round of the appropriate antibiotics to knock out a possible infection of this bacterial disease. If you incur flea bites in the rescue and handling of a ground squirrel or Prairie dog, a round of the appropriate antibiotics that counter this infection is advisable. See previous post with links to the CDC page on this disease as to the symptoms of the disease that present generally from 48 hours to 6 days after being infected by an infected flea, also for signs of illness in the animal.

    As for rehabbers in the Eastern US States, though this disease was eliminated in the Eastern US where the common rat was the main carrier, when it comes to pet Prairie dog rescue/rehoming, be aware that these animals have come from the Western US, and may carry the disease.

    https://thesquirrelboard.com/forums/...86#post1251886

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    Default Re: Zoonotic diseases in squirrels

    Quote Originally Posted by Diggie's Friend View Post
    when it comes to pet Prairie dog rescue/rehoming, be aware that these animals have come from the Western US, and may carry the disease
    That's utter nonsense!

    We went through this when the Monkeypox scare was in full throttle. I know, I was rescuing and transporting innocent Prairie Dogs from shelters to zoo's and vets who were not afraid to take them. That's one reason I have so many zoo and vet contacts. Paranoid owners (who should not own even Sea Monkeys) were dumping poor confused Prairie Dogs into shelters and even into the woods due to irrational fears.

    Due to state wildlife laws captive prairie dogs (at present) only come from Texas and there is ZERO risk from the Plague in any current captive "pets", and little risk from wild stock in areas in TX where captured.

    In 2003 (the year of the Monkeypox scare) there were 37 cases in the USA.

    To put that in perspective by the 3rd week in 2018 there were 40,414 influenza deaths.

    There were no deaths from the Monkey Pox Scare.

    If you are an EXPERIENCED Squirrel handler and come across a PET Prairie Dog in need of rescue feel free to take him in with complete confidence.

    Keep in mind I am not advocating wallowing around in the dirt near Prairie Dog burrows in states where Plague has been reported or snuggling wild PD's in Montana.

    Meanwhile I am going to pick up Patches my Prairie Dog and snuggle him against my face without fear.

    Patches


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    To put all the Plague fears in perspective here are the actual number of cases and deaths in the USA by year. The worst year was 2016 with 4 deaths and 16 cases.
    (Source CDC).

    Name:  CasesbyYear_barchart_2000-2016.jpg
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    Default Re: Zoonotic diseases in squirrels

    When it comes to pet P dogs that have been treated for fleas, and vetted with a blood test confirming they don't carry the virus, I stand corrected.

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    Default Re: Zoonotic diseases in squirrels

    In an ideal world PD's would not be sucked out of their burrows so rich people from NY, NJ, MA & CA moving into rural areas can have more malls making removal / re-homing necessary. I am normally against the pet trade but that is the only option for some removals for various reasons - mainly lack of welcoming landowners for relocation reception. Also in an ideal world blood tests would be indicated before re-homing with people. So would everyone wearing a cheap disposable mask during deadly flu season. There is no ideal world and I am not worried about hand selected PD's coming to competent human homes. Personally I have no fear of the Bubonic Plague from Texas caught individuals.

    We need to take caution with wilds but we can't let fear, paranoia and media fear-mongering prevent us from helping squirrels of all types in a safe manner.

    Here is a typical "warning" sign from the P.R. of California. Notice number 4: "the disease is curable when diagnosed early"


    Name:  plague-warning.jpg
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    Default Re: Zoonotic diseases in squirrels

    That's the thing, people need to be given the information from the CDC as to how it is acquired; for if you get a high fever and haven't been in contact with a wild, only your cat, as was the case of the man in Oregon, and you don't know about this disease being in the soil in specific regions in the west, you might assume it is from another cause. By the time it becomes apparent this isn't your typical fever from the flu you may lose some digits. this is why I shared the tutorial, not to far monger, but to inform which is the best way to address this issue, with knowledge, as the CDC does showing that this infection can be obtained other than from the fleas of a wild animal. Information isn't about fear mongering it is about being well informed as to not all fevers are from the flu. In this I hold to education, not making a matter more of less than it is. If you do one or the other you do no one any favors, not humans, or squirrels either.

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    Default Re: Zoonotic diseases in squirrels

    It's ignorance that breeds fear, not education. On this board very often what may be not what always is the problem is shared in case it is the cause. People come here in fear, but then they learn how to they can address a problem their fear is replaced with confidence and hope. . Though it doesn't always work as we hope, not being able to do anything is far worse to bear. . It is knowledge that sheds light on what is otherwise dark path in a time of fear of the unknown. Sharing is caring, which is a blessing to all, as once we learn we can pass on what we learn to others.. Becoming equipped by learning how to address issues brings confidence, and hopeful outcomes. Fear is fostered in ignorance, yet knowledge brings hope.

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    Default Re: Zoonotic diseases in squirrels

    Quote Originally Posted by Diggie's Friend View Post
    It's ignorance that breeds fear, not education.

    People come here in fear, but then they learn how to they can address a problem their fear is replaced with confidence and hope.
    Yes, therefore we need to educate people that likelihood of contracting the Bubonic Plague, Hantavirus etc is extremely low (CDC info bears that out), and just use precaution is areas where these diseases are active.

    Most people come to TSB for help savinf squirrels with an occasional person popping up asking if a bite from a park squirrel can cause Rabies. The answer is sure but the SOP from hospitals themselves states it's not likely.

    If you show up at the hospital in So Cal after camping in Angeles Forest with a fever it's way more likely to be the life threatening Flu than Bubonic Plague.



    [edit added by admin] -while the chances of contacting any disease after handling wildlife is generally not high, you should ALWAYS take proper precautions. This means using the proper protective gear, educating yourself about the possible risks and means of transmission, practicing all safety procedures and taking universal precautions which means operating under the assumption that diseases are present.
    Last edited by TubeDriver; 08-12-2021 at 06:26 AM.

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    Default Re: Zoonotic diseases in squirrels

    I thought to update this thread.

    In the Southwestern and Pacific coastal regions of the US there have been modest outbreaks of bubonic disease annually, often under 20 cases a year. In the eastern US this disease was eradicated decades ago, when it was chiefly carried by rats. The risk of infection is rare for most of the US population; for even where this bacteria is found in the soil, be it in the mountainous areas of the Pacific coastal region, the deserts of the Southwest, or the prairie lands of the Midwest, the chances of becoming infected are very rare, even so they potentially still exist.

    Presently, there are three basic means of becoming infected with (Yersinia Pestis). One, having come in contact with infected fleas on living or dead animals, or fleas near the entrance to animal burrows of infected animals, that transfer the disease by biting. Two, by coming into physical contact with the body fluids of an infected animal, or person through cuts and abrasions, or in the case of the pneumonia form, by breathing in the droplets from coughing infected humans or pets. And three, from the bite of an infected animal, be it wild or domestic.

    The important take away with this, is that knowledge can protect you, your family, and your pets from becoming infected in nearly all instances, through avoidance of contact with the sources of this often deadly bacteria.

    Presently in some areas of LA County rats that are feeding off garbage and human waste isn't being disposed of which is being left by the homeless in some areas that are living on the streets and in parks. Already typhus has been found. Some experts are now saying that Bubonic Plague is likely already in LA in these areas, and residents in these areas are now at risk. So far I have not read of cases being confirmed. Will update if things change.

    Please read through this information from the Center of Disease Control on Bubonic Plague as to the regions htat this disease is presently found in, and the paths that this disease can take that could result in this bacterial infection.

    http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/eh/...ent/plague.pdf

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